Oral and maxillofacial pathology encompasses numerous diseases of the mouth and face. Even though conventional methods of diagnosis such as imaging and histopathology are still effective and widely used, they are not always beneficial for early diagnosis. Molecular diagnostics has revolutionised the field by aiding in identifying genetic and molecular alterations in multifactorial diseases with precision. This review delineates the use of molecular diagnostics in oral and maxillofacial pathology, its applications, advantages, and future directions. 

Key molecular technologies such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), next-generation sequencing (NGS), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and liquid biopsy aid in early diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of multifactorial diseases such as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and human papillomavirus-related cancers. Molecular diagnostics has several advantages such as high sensitivity and specificity, non-invasive sampling, and potential for personalized medicine by targeted therapy. Despite such advantages, disadvantages such as high cost, technical expertise, and need for standardization restrict extensive use. 

Future developments such as the identification of new biomarkers, use of artificial intelligence (AI), and the development of point-of-care molecular diagnostic tools could further enhance diagnostic accuracy and accessibility. Molecular diagnostics can prove to be an effective tool in oral and maxillofacial pathology, having a significant role in patient management and clinical decision-making.

TBA